Dna polymerases

ABSTRACT

A DNA polymerase mutant comprising a Taq DNA polymerase amino acid sequence with a mutation at one or more of the following selected amino acid positions: E189K, E230K, E507K, H28R, L30R, G38R, F73V, H75R, E76A, E76G, E76K, E90K, K206R, E315K, A348V, L351F, A439T, D452N, G504S, E507A, D551N, L552R, I553V, D578N, H676R, Q680R, D732G, E734G, E734K, F749V; wherein the polymerase mutant exhibits relative to wild-type DNA polymerase increased polymerase speed, increased affinity to DNA substrate and/or increased resistance to a DNA polymerase inhibitor; and wherein, when the mutation is E507K in combination with two or more further mutations or the mutation is Q680R in combination with four or more further mutations, at least one of the further mutations is at one of the selected amino acid positions; and when the mutation is I553V, this is not in combination with D551S.

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/564,940, filed Aug. 2, 2012, which claims priority to Great Britain Patent Application No. 1113430.1 filed Aug. 3, 2011, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for any purpose.

Applicants incorporate by reference the material contained in the accompanying computer readable Sequence Listing identified as 01129-0018-01US_SeqListing.txt, having a file creation date of Sep. 16, 2016, and a size of 16.4 KB.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to DNA polymerases, which possess increased resistance to PCR inhibitors, increased affinity to DNA substrate and increased DNA polymerization efficiency.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is probably the most popular application in contemporary molecular biology and diagnostics. The key components of PCR are thermostable DNA polymerases, which synthesize new DNA complementary to a DNA matrix. There are many different polymerases, which are used in PCR. Even though Taq DNA polymerase was the first enzyme employed in PCR and many new enzymes were discovered since that time, this polymerase continues to be the most popular and widely used in majority of PCR applications due to its robustness and efficiency as well as easy and cost efficient production process. Taq DNA polymerase has been studied very intensively and there is a lot of biochemical as well as structural data available on it. Within the course of these studies many different mutations of Taq DNA polymerase have been created and studied, which in one or another way improve properties of this enzyme. Some mutations are important for enzyme fidelity (U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,524, U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,695 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,365), some alter 5′-3′ exonuclease activity (U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,591), change enzyme properties related to labeled nucleotide incorporation (Brandis et al., 1998), make the enzyme “cold sensitive” (Barnes and Kermekchiev, 2000) or increase polymerase resistance to different PCR inhibitors (Kermekchiev and Barnes, 2004; Kermekchiev and Kirilova, 2006). Such mutants of Taq DNA polymerase are useful in qPCR, DNA sequencing, amplification of DNA samples containing various PCR inhibitors (dye, blood, soil). For example, SYBR Green I intercalating dye is used in qPCR. This inhibits Taq DNA polymerase and can decrease PCR efficiency and sensitivity. Increased polymerase resistance to SYBR Green I may be associated with increased enzyme resistance to other PCR inhibitors from blood and soil (Kermekchiev et al, 2009; Zhang et al, 2010).

Mutation at various different amino acid positions in the Taq DNA polymerase are known to improve various different properties. These include K219, K225, E520, D578, A608 (Brandis et al., 1998; Holliger et al., 2001), S515 (Hardin et al., 2006), A521, V529, Q592 (Brandis et al., 1998) and S543 (Jestin et al., 2005; Vatta et al., 2005). In one example, the positively charged Taq DNA polymerase mutation E507K is known to improve the RNA target dependent activity by 50% compared to the parent enzyme.

Currently PCR represents one of the fastest growing segments of molecular biology applications market. New applications for PCR and new variants of PCR are being developed and introduced for research and diagnostic applications, such as fast qPCR, digital PCR and direct sample-to-PCR which require novel enzymatic properties. Therefore, there is a need in the industry for Taq DNA polymerase derivatives possessing novel, improved properties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the present invention provides a DNA polymerase mutant comprising a Taq DNA polymerase amino acid sequence with a mutation at one or more of the following selected amino acid positions: E189K, E230K, E507K, H28R, L30R, G38R, F73V, H75R, E76A, E76G, E76K, E90K, K206R, E315K, A348V, L351F, A439T, D452N, G504S, E507A, D551N, L552R, I553V, D578N, H676R, Q680R, D732G, E734G, E734K, F749V; wherein the polymerase mutant exhibits relative to wild-type DNA polymerase increased polymerase speed, increased affinity to DNA substrate and/or increased resistance to a DNA polymerase inhibitor; and wherein, when the mutation is E507K in combination with two or more further mutations or the mutation is Q680R in combination with four or more further mutations, at least one of the further mutations is at one of the selected amino acid positions; and when the mutation is I553V, this is not in combination with D551S.

Taq DNA polymerase mutants may be provided with increased resistance to SYBR Green I dye present in PCR mixture as well as mutants able to perform DNA amplification faster and/or more efficiently as compared to the wild type enzyme. One set of mutant variants of polymerase outperforms the wild type enzyme in PCR assays which contain SYBR Green I fluorescent dye in reaction mixture. Another set of mutants is useful in different PCR applications with shorter DNA elongation times as compared to the ones typically required for the wild type Taq DNA polymerase. A third set of mutants exhibit increased resistance to blood, SDS, GuHCl and heparin inhibition and may be used in direct DNA amplification from blood samples (at blood concentrations, which are inhibitory to wild type Taq DNA polymerase) or from unpurified/partially purified DNA samples in different lysis buffers.

The wild type Taq DNA polymerase amino acid sequence is shown in FIG. 1. The numbering system used in the present application is based on this sequence. A DNA polymerase mutant according to the present invention comprises the wild type sequence with a mutation at one of the indicated selected amino acid positions or at a plurality of the indicated selected amino acid positions. Where there is a mutation at one or more of the indicated selected amino acid positions it is also possible for there to be one or more further mutations at other positions in the wild type sequence. The number of these further mutations and the position of any such further mutation is such that the properties of increased polymerase speed, increased affinity to DNA substrate and increased resistance to a DNA polymerase inhibitor conferred by mutation at the indicated selected amino acid positions are not impaired. Such further mutations are preferably conservative mutations. In a preferred embodiment mutations of the wild type sequence occur only in the indicated selected amino acid positions. It is also possible for there to be additions to the amino acid sequence, for example at one or both ends of the sequence, without substantially affecting the activity of the polymerase.

Advantageously, the number of mutations at the one or more selected amino acid positions is limited, for example to no more than three of the selected amino acid positions. It has surprisingly been found that a relatively low number of mutations can give rise to advantageous properties of a mutant polymerase. In one arrangement, the amino acid sequence has a mutation at only one of the selected amino acid positions. In another arrangement, the amino acid sequence has a mutation at only two of the selected amino acid positions. By providing DNA polymerase mutants with a limited number of mutations in the primary structure it is thought that the tertiary, three dimensional structure of the polymerase is not altered significantly. Mutants according to the invention can exhibit relative to wild type DNA polymerase one or more of the advantageous properties of increased polymerase speed, increased affinity to DNA substrate and increased resistance to a DNA polymerase inhibitor.

In one aspect of the invention, the DNA polymerase mutant exhibits increased polymerase speed relative to wild type DNA polymerase. Such DNA polymerase mutants include those with a mutation at one or more of the following selected amino acid positions: E189K, E230K, E507K, H28R, L30R, F73V, H75R, E76A, E76G, E76K, E90K, K206R, A439T, D452N, G504S, D551N, I553V, H676R, D732G, E734G, F749V. It is preferred that the DNA polymerase mutant exhibits an increased polymerase speed which is at least 1.5 times faster than wild type DNA polymerase, preferably at least three times and more preferably at least 12 times faster. Polymerase speed may be measured by performing PCR on phage lambda DNA such as a 1825 bp fragment of phage lambda DNA. Alternatively, the polymerase speed may be measured by performing PCR on human genomic DNA such as, for example, on a 2.5 kbp fragment. The PCR buffer used for such assays may be based either on KCl or on ammonium sulfate. Quantitative analysis of PCR products may be performed using agarose gel electrophoresis, generally with 1% gels. Further details of typical measurements are presented in Example 2 below.

In a further aspect, the DNA polymerase mutant according to the invention exhibits increased affinity to DNA substrate, relative to wild type DNA polymerase. The DNA polymerase mutant preferably includes a mutation at one or more of the following selected amino acid positions: E189K, E230K, E507K, H75R, E315K, A348V, L351F, L552R, D578N. The DNA polymerase mutant may include double mutations wherein the selected amino acid positions are preferably selected from: H28R+E507K, H28R+Q680R, E507K+Q680R, L552R+Q680R, E230K+E507K, E189K+E507K, E315K+E507K, E230K+E315K, E507K+L552R.

Increased affinity to DNA substrate is generally expressed in terms of the dissociation constant Kd, which may typically be measured for a DNA oligoduplex substrate for example using an electrophoretic shift mobility assay following incubation in a suitable buffer such as 40 mM Tris, 20 mM acetic acid, 1 mM EDTA at pH8.4, in the presence of 10% v/v glycerol at 4° C. for 30 mins.

The Kd of wild type Taq DNA polymerase under these conditions is generally in the range 1.71 to 3.97 nM. Thus, a value of Kd below 1.71 nM denotes increased affinity to the DNA oligoduplex substrate relative to the wild type polymerase. It is preferred that the Kd for the mutant polymerase is no more than 1 nM and is typically in the range 0.14 to 1 nM.

In a further aspect, the DNA polymerase mutant according to the invention exhibits increased resistance to a DNA polymerase inhibitor. The DNA polymerase inhibitor may be selected from SYBR Green I dye, blood, SDS, guanadinium salts and heparin. Such DNA polymerase mutants preferably include a mutation at one or more of the following selected amino acid positions: E189K, E230K, E507K, H28R, L30R, G38R, H75R, E76A, E76G, E76K, E90K, E315K, A439T, D452N, G504S, E507A, D551N, L552R, I553V, D578N, H676R, Q680R, D732G, E734G, E734K. The DNA polymerase mutants may include a double mutation at the following selected amino acid positions: H28R+E507K, H28R+Q680R, E507K+Q680R, L552R+Q680R, E230K+E507K, E189K+E507K, E315K+E507K, E230K+E315K, E507K+L552R. Such DNA polymerase mutants may exhibit both increased resistance to a DNA polymerase inhibitor and exhibit an increased affinity to a DNA substrate relative to wild type DNA polymerase.

Preferably, the Kd of a DNA polymerase mutant exhibiting increased resistance to a DNA polymerase inhibitor for a DNA oligoduplex substrate is no more than 10 nM in the presence of SYBR Green I dye at a concentration of approximately 0.4 μM. This is typically measured as described above by electrophoretic shift mobility assay following incubation in a suitable buffer such as 40 mM Tris, 20 mM acetic acid, 1 mM EDTA at pH8.4, in the presence of 10% v/v glycerol at 4° C. for 30 mins.

In one preferred arrangement according to the invention the DNA polymerase mutant has mutations at one or more of the amino acid positions E189K, E230K and E507K. Mutations at two or three of these positions give rise to a DNA polymerase mutant which has both increased affinity to DNA substrate and increased resistance to SYBR Green I dye.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a kit for nucleic acid amplification, such as PCR, which comprises a DNA polymerase mutant as described herein together with one or more reagents for a DNA synthesis reaction. Such reagents include appropriate buffers, primers and nucleotides suitable for the nucleic acid amplification reaction.

The invention further provides a process for the production of a DNA polymerase mutant as described herein. The process comprises:

-   -   (1) subjecting a polynucleotide encoding a DNA polymerase to         error-prone PCR to generate a mutant library comprising an array         of differently-mutated polynucleotides:     -   (2) screening the mutant library for increased polymerase speed,         increased polymerase affinity to DNA substrate or increase         resistance to a DNA polymerase inhibitor;     -   (3) selecting one or more mutant DNA polymerases from screening         step 2; and     -   (4) repeating steps 1 to 3 until a final DNA polymerase mutant         is obtained.

According to this process, the mutant library produced by error-prone PCR in step (1) comprises an array of polynucleotides at least some of which incorporate one or more mutations. On the basis that the mutations are generated in an essentially random way, some polynucleotides will encode DNA polymerases which are non-functional, some will encode DNA polymerases which have essentially normal function and others will encode DNA polymerases with properties which are either superior or inferior to the wild type DNA polymerase. Screening step (2) may typically be performed on one or more members of the library so as to identify the desired characteristics of polymerases encoded by the one or more members of the library. Following selection step (3) a polynucleotide encoding one or more selected DNA polymerases is subjected once again to error-prone PCR in accordance with step (1) and the process is repeated until such time as a suitable mutant polymerase is obtained through screening and selection. This process of directed evolution is described in further detail below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

The invention will now be described in further detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows the amino acid sequence of wild type Taq DNA polymerase;

FIG. 2 shows the results of gel electrophoresis following PCR of a 250 bp amplicon performed with wild type polymerase and a pool of mutant polymerases at different SYBR Green I concentrations;

FIG. 3 shows the sequencing results of Taq DNA polymerase mutants selected after high throughput screening for SYBR Green I resistance;

FIGS. 4-1 to 4-3 show the frequency of mutations found during high throughput screening of Taq DNA polymerase for SYBR Green I resistance;

FIG. 5 shows the results of gel electrophoresis following PCR of a 200 bp amplicon comparing wild type polymerase with polymerases of the invention;

FIG. 6 shows the results of gel electrophoresis following PCR of a 500 bp amplicon at different SYBR Green I concentrations using wild type enzymes or enzymes according to the invention;

FIG. 7 shows the results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay for wild type polymerase and polymerases according to the invention;

FIG. 8 shows the results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay for wild type polymerase and polymerases according to the invention in the presence of SYBR Green I dye;

FIGS. 9-1 to 9-3 show the sequence of plasmid1 used as a PCR target for DNA amplification;

FIG. 10 shows the sequencing results of Taq DNA polymerase mutants selected after first high throughput screening of Taq DNA polymerase library for shorter amplification and annealing times;

FIGS. 11-1 to 11-4 show the frequency of mutations found during first high throughput screening of Taq DNA polymerase library for shorter amplification and annealing times;

FIG. 12 shows the sequencing results of Taq DNA polymerase mutants selected after the second high throughput screening of Taq DNA polymerase library for shorter amplification and annealing times;

FIGS. 13-1 to 13-5 show the frequency of mutations found during the second high throughput screening of Taq DNA polymerase library for shorter amplification and annealing times;

FIGS. 14A-B show the results of gel electrophoresis following PCR of a 1825 bp amplicon using various polymerases in the presence of ammonium sulfate or potassium chloride;

FIGS. 15A-B show the results of agarose gel electrophoresis following PCR on a 2.5 kbp amplicon with various polymerases in the presence of ammonium sulfate or potassium chloride;

FIG. 16 shows the results of gel electrophoresis following PCR of a 1.825 kbp amplicon in the presence of blood comparing commercial and wild type polymerase with polymerases according to the invention;

FIG. 17 shows the results of gel electrophoresis following PCR of a 1.825 kbp amplicon performed in the presence of SDS comparing commercial Taq polymerase and wild type Taq polymerase with polymerases according to the invention;

FIG. 18 shows the results of gel electrophoresis following PCR of a 1.825 kbp amplicon performed in the presence of guanidinium hydrochloride comparing commercial Taq polymerase and wild type Taq polymerase with polymerases according to the invention; and

FIG. 19 shows the results of gel electrophoresis following PCR of a 1.825 kbp amplicon performed in the presence of heparin comparing commercial Taq polymerase and wild type Taq polymerase with polymerases according to the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Mutant Taq DNA Polymerase Library Screening for Increased Resistance to SYBR Green I Dye

Taq DNA polymerase is widely used in qPCR because it is a robust and efficient enzyme, which has 5′-3′ exonuclease activity (required to activate Taqman probe), no 3′-5′ exonuclease activity (no degradation of PCR primers) and is not sensitive to dUTP used to avoid contamination in qPCR master mixes. SYBR Green I intercalating dye used in qPCR inhibits Taq DNA polymerse (Nath et al., 2000) and can decrease PCR efficiency and sensitivity. In some cases problem can be solved by adjusting buffer composition, reaction conditions and/or using higher amounts of Taq DNA polymerase.

In order to select for Taq DNA polymerase mutants with increased resistance to SYBR Green I we have performed directed evolution of Taq DNA polymerase. The amino acids sequence of parental wild type Taq DNA polymerase used for mutagenesis is given in FIG. 1. The initial library of genes (LO) coding for mutant Taq DNA polymerases was generated by error-prone PCR using a modified protocol described by Zaccolo et al. (Zaccolo et al., 1996). Quality of the library was checked by sequencing of 8 randomly picked clones. One clone had deletion, which resulted in frameshift of coding sequence. Other 7 clones had from 2 to 6 nucleotide substitutions per gene. The ratio of transitions to transversions was 2.4:1. As a result mutant polymerases had from 1 to 5 amino acids changes or on the average 2.85 mutations per gene.

SYBR Green I dye 10,000× stock solution was obtained from Invitrogen and was used in our experiments. Several rounds of high-throughput screening were performed for the expressed polymerase ability to perform PCR at increasing concentrations of SYBR Green I (0.6×-2.5×). After the several screening rounds 37 random clones of individual mutants and the pool of all selected mutants were chosen for further investigation. Initially the pool of plasmids encoding selected polymerases was purified. Then the N-terminal (His)₆GlyAla tag was fused to PCR amplified Taq polymerase genes. Pool of mutant enzymes and wt Taq polymerase with the same affinity tag were expressed in E. coli cells and purified using Ni-NTA Superflow (Qiagen) chromatography. In order to check the efficiency of our screening we have tested wt Taq polymerase and pool of mutants for ability to perform PCR at different SYBR Green I concentrations (FIG. 2). In our particular (target/primer/buffer) amplification system Taq DNA polymerase typically can synthesize 250 bp PCR fragment in the presence of 0.2-0.5×SYBR Green I dye. Meanwhile the pool of mutant Taq DNA polymerases can generate the same 250 bp PCR fragment in the presence of at least 2 times higher concentration (1×) of SYBR Green I dye (FIG. 2). The PCR of 250 bp amplicon performed with wt His-Taq polymerase and pool of mutant polymerases at different SYBR Green I concentrations (SYBR Green I stock concentration is 10,000× and amplification was performed using 0.2-4× concentration of dye). It is evident that in case of enzyme pool resistance to SYBR Green I inhibition is an average value and some of the individual enzymes from the pool should have higher resistances, and some lower than the average resistance of the pool of polymerases. Different properties of selected mutant enzymes are determined by various mutations accumulated during the mutagenesis/screening procedure. Some mutations should be beneficial, some can be supplementary, neutral or even negative. Therefore it is critical to understand the nature of selected mutants and elucidate individual properties of single amino acids changes. As a consequence 37 random clones of individual positive hits were sequenced and analized (FIG. 3). Two clones (L6M1_1, L6M4_1) had stop codons and were excluded from further analyzis. The number of amino acid changes in selected mutants varies from 1 to 8. On average there are 3.6 amino acids changes per gene. The frequency of all found mutations was calculated and is given in FIG. 4. The most often mutated position in our selection was glutamate 507 (E507K—11 mutants; E507A—3). There are 4 selected clones, which contain only single mutation of E507 amino acid (L6M8_1—E507A; L6M40_1, Taq_B3, Taq_A4—E507K) (FIG. 1). Other most frequently mutated positions are H28 (H28R—6); F27 (F27L—3; F27S—1); K219 (K219R—4); E230 (E230K—3; E230G—1); E76 (E76G—3) and E189 (E189K—3).

The general assumption is that most frequently mutated amino acids are the most important and have the biggest impact on Taq DNA polymerase resistance to SYBR Green I inhibition. In order to elucidate individual properties of different mutations single and multiple mutants of Taq polymerase were constructed (with addition of N-terminal (His)₆GlyAla tag for purification), expressed, partially purified and analyzed. The wt and mutant Taq DNA polymerases were purified using two step procedure: initial denaturation of E. coli proteins for 15 minutes at 75° C. and subsequent Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. As a result Taq DNA polymerase variants were typically purified to ˜80% homogeneity according to SDS-PAGE densitometry analysis. The activities of purified polymerases were evaluated using standard polymerase unit definition assay and if necessary (for example in PCR applications) equal amounts of polymerase units were used for analysis.

The ability of wt and individual mutants of Taq polymerase to perform PCR at different SYBR Green I concentrations was tested using many different target/primer/buffer systems. In this example we present two PCR performed either on plasmid DNA (˜200 bp fragment) or on human genomic DNA (˜500 bp fragment). Amplification is performed in the presence of 0.2-5× concentration of SYBR Green I dye. The threshold concentration of SYBR Green I dye (at which full length DNA fragment is still synthesized) is determined and is used to characterize enzyme of interest resistance to SYBR Green. The precise threshold value depends on particular target/primer/buffer system used for PCR, therefore it is very important to have wt Taq DNA polymerase control reactions performed in parallel. Agarose gel electrophoresis pictures of typical experiment are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. In both cases (amplification of 200 bp and 500 bp DNA fragments) wt Taq DNA polymerase can synthesize PCR product at 0.5× concentration of SYBR Green I dye in reaction mixture. In FIG. 5, The PCR of 200 bp amplicon from plasmid DNA performed with wt His-Taq polymerase and single amino acid mutant polymerases at different SYBR Green I concentrations (SYBR Green I stock concentration is 10,000× and amplification was performed using 0.2-5× concentration of dye). In FIG. 6, The PCR of 500 bp amplicon from human genomic DNA performed with wt His-Taq polymerase and single amino acid mutant polymerases at different SYBR Green I concentrations (SYBR Green I stock concentration is 10,000× and amplification was performed using 0.2-5× concentration of dye). Meanwhile Taq DNA polymerase mutants tolerate substantially higher concentrations of SYBR Green I dye in reaction mixture (E189K—1.5× (200 bp) and 2.5× (500 bp); E230K—2.5× (200 bp) and 2× (500 bp); E507K—2× (200 bp) and 3× (500 bp)). Summarized data of SYBR Green I dye inhibition in PCR experiments are presented in Table 1. Performed PCR inhibition experiments allowed us to identify many individual mutations, which increase Taq DNA polymerase resistance to SYBR Green I dye and may be used in production of commercial enzymes and kits. Different mutants increase Taq polymerase resistance from 2 to 10 times (1-5× concentration of SYBRGreen I). Enzyme resistance to SYBR Green I dye is additive (cumulative) and in most cases can be increased constructing double or triple mutants. For example, mutant E230K can tolerate 2-2.5× and E507K—2-3× concentration of SYBR Green I. Subsequently double mutant E230K+E507K can tolerate 3-4.5× and triple mutant E230K+E507K+E189K—3.5-5× concentration of SYBR Green I (Table 1). Many more multiple mutant combinations were tested and found to have increased SYBR Green I resistance comparing to single mutants (Table 1). Additivity of SYBR Green resistance is very important feature, which enables design of mutant polymerases with individual properties according to specific application requirements.

Bioinformatic analysis of selected Taq DNA polymerase mutants with increased resistance to SYBR Green I dye revealed that in most cases changes were associated with amino acids which eliminate negative charge (E76G, E507A, D578N, D732G), add positive charge (H28R, G38R, L552R, H676R, Q680R) or change negative charge to positive one (E90K, E189K, E230K, E315K, E507K). In all cases mutant polymerases acquired higher total positive charge and either could less interact with positively charged SYBR Green I dye or should have increased affinity to negatively charged substrate (DNA). In both cases such enzymes should become more resistant to SYBR Green I inhibition during PCR. If this hypothesis is correct, then mutations scope could be broadened by using similar substitutions and constructing mutants with increased positive charge (amino acids change X=>K, R) or decreased negative charge network (amino acids change D, E=>X). In order to test the polymerase affinity to DNA we have measured dissociation constant (Kd) value of protein-DNA interaction using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Wild type Taq DNA polymerase and mutants Kd were measured directly (without SYBR Green I) and with SYBR Green I. Polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis pictures of typical experiment are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. In FIG. 7, Polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis pictures of electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Polymerase affinity to substrate (Kd) was measured using radioactively labeled DNA substrate at 0.1 nM concentration and 0.25-100 nM protein concentration gradient. In FIG. 8, Polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis pictures of electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Polymerase affinity to substrate (Kd) in the presence of 0.2×SYBR Green I dye was measured using radioactively labeled DNA substrate at 0.1 nM concentration and 0.25-100 nM protein concentration gradient. Calculated Kd values for wt Taq DNA polymerase and different mutant variants are summarized in the Table 2. The Kd of wt Taq DNA polymerase and DNA oligoduplex complex was obtained to be in the range of 1.71-3.97 nM without SYBR Green I dye and in the range of 6.17-9.39 nM with SYBR Green I (0.2×). Meanwhile most mutant variants have Kd below 1.0 nM without SYBR Green I (E189K, E230K, E315K, E507K, L552R, D578N, H28R+E507K, H28R+Q680R, E507K+Q680R, L552R+Q680R, E230K+E507K, E189K+E507K, E315K+E507K, E230K+E315K, E507K+L552R, E189K+E230K+E507K) and <10 nM Kd in the presence of SYBR Green I. It is also important to stress that EMSA measurements performed at 0.1 nM concentration of oligoduplex are good to calculate Kd values above 1 nM and give only approximate results for Kd values below 1 nM. Consequently Kd values determined for mutant Taq DNA polymerases to be in the range of 0.14-1 nM can be much lower. Overall data confirm the statement, that mutations of interest, which were identified, possess 5-10 times increased affinity to DNA substrate (E189K, E230K, E315K, E507K, L552R, D578N, H28R+E507K, L552R+Q680R, E230K+E507K, E189K+E507K, E315K+E507K, E230K+E315K, E507K+L552R, E189K+E230K+E507K). It is very likely, that SYBR Green I, present in PCR, binds to DNA target, hinders polymerase binding to substrate and in such a way decreases the efficiency of PCR. Consequently mutant polymerases with increased affinity are more resistant to SYBR Green I inhibition. The Kd of some mutant polymerases (E189K, E230K, E315K, E507K, L552R, D578N, H28R+E507K, H28R+Q680R, E507K+Q680R, L552R+Q680R, E315K+E507K, E230K+E315K, E507K+L552R, E189K+E230K+E507K) in the presence of SYBR Green I (0.2×) is increased to the level of wt Taq DNA polymerase Kd without SYBR Green I and is below 5 nM (Table 2). Diminished Kd of mutant polymerases and DNA/DNA substrate complex confirms the hypothesis, that positive charges (accumulated during the screening of Taq DNA polymerase for SYBR Green I dye resistance) increase the affinity of enzyme to negatively charged DNA and in such a way neutralize the inhibitory effect of positively charged SYBR Green I dye. Taq DNA polymerases with increased affinity could be very useful in many different PCR and qPCR applications since in some cases increased affinity can lead to increased enzyme processivity, polymerization velocity, resistance to different inhibitors, more sensitive PCR, etc.

Methods and Materials Polymerase Purification

The expression plasmid coding for the mutant or wt Taq DNA polymerase variants fused to the N-terminal (His)₆GlyAla tag was expressed in E. coli cells. The E. coli cells were harvested by centrifugation at 4° C. (5000 rpm for 10 min, Beckman J2-21 centrifuge, JA-10 rotor) and resuspended in buffer A (50 mM NaH₂PO₄, 300 mM NaCl, 10 mM imidazole and 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, pH 8.0) with 1 mM phenylmethanesulphonyl-fluoride (Sigma). After sonication on ice (7.5 min), samples were centrifugated at 16 170 g for 20 min (Eppendorf 5417R). Next, the supernatant was heated at 75° C. for 15 min to denature most of the E. coli mezofilic proteins.

Precipitated proteins were removed by centrifugation (at 16 170 g for 20 min) and the supernatant was loaded onto a Ni-NTA Superflow (Qiagen) minicolumn. To remove unspecifically bound proteins, the minicolumn was washed with buffer B (50 mM NaH₂PO₄, 300 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole, 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and 0.1% Triton X-100, pH 8.0); the polymerase was eluted with buffer C (50 mM NaH₂PO₄, 300 mM NaCl, 250 mM imidazole, 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and 0.1% Triton X-100, pH 8.0). Polymerase was dialysed against storage buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM EDTA, 100 mM KCl, 0.5% (v/v) Nonidet P40, 0.5% (v/v) Tween 20 and 50% (v/v) glycerol) and stored at −20° C.

Polymerase Unit Definition Assay

The DNA polymerase activity of purified mutant Taq DNA polymerases was measured according to the following protocol. The enzyme was incubated in a reaction mixture (50 μl) consisting of 67 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 6.7 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mg/ml BSA, 200 μM of each of dATP, dCTP, dTTP and dGTP, 0.4 MBq/ml of [methyl-³H]thymidine 5′-triphosphate (Amersham), and 250 μg/ml of activated salmon sperm DNA at 70° C. for 30 min. The reaction was stopped on ice, and an aliquot was spotted onto a DE-81 filter-paper disc. The disc was dried on a heat block, washed in 7.5% sodium phosphate buffer for 5 minutes 3 times and once in 70% ethanol for 2 minutes, and then dried again. The incorporated radioactivity on the dried filter-paper disc was counted using a Beckman LS-1801 scintillation counter. One unit of Taq DNA polymerase catalyzes the incorporation of 10 nmol of deoxyribonucleotides into a polynucleotide fraction (adsorbed on DE-81) in 30 min at 70° C.

Mutagenic PCR

Mutant Taq DNA polymerase gene variants were constructed using modified error-prone PCR protocol described by Zaccolo (Zaccolo et al., 1996). Briefly, a PCR comprising 75 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8 at 25° C.), 20 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.01% (v/v) Tween 20, 10 ng template DNA forward and reverse primers (0.5 μM each), dNTPs (200 μM each), 0.4 μM dPTP (TriLink BioTechnologies), 10 μM 8-oxo-dGTP (TriLink BioTechnologies), 1.5 mM MgCl₂ and 9.75 u of Taq polymerase in a total volume of 390 μL was carried out with the thermal profile 2 min at 94° C. followed by 30 cycles of 30 s 94° C., 30 s 50° C., 2 min 40 s 72° C. and finished with 10 min at 72° C. Amplified PCR product was digested with appropriate restriction endonucleases and cloned into an expression vector using T4 DNA ligase.

Mutant Taq DNA Polymerases are More Tolerant to SYBR Green I Dye in PCR

10000×SYBR Green I dye solution was obtained from Invitrogen (S7567) and stored in small aliquots at −20° C. Fresh serial dilutions (in nuclease-free water) of SYBR Green I dye stock solution were used in PCR. A typical SYBR Green I dye solution at a dilution of 0.2× is estimated to have a concentration of 0.4 μM (Gudnason et al 2007, Zipper et al 2004).

Amplification of 250 bp Bacterial Plasmid DNA Target with Pool of Mutant Taq Polymerases

PCR mixtures comprising 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 50 mM KCl, 0.08% (v/v) Nonidet P40, dNTPs (200 μM each), 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.5 μM each of primer 1 and 2 (Table 3), 6 ng plasmid1 DNA (FIG. 9), 0.5 u of polymerase and various amounts of SYBR Green I dye (at the final concentration of 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4×) in a total volume of 20 μL were subjected to the following thermocycling conditions: 2 min at 94° C. followed by 30 cycles of 30 s 94° C., 30 s 50° C., 20 s 72° C. PCR products were analyzed in 2% agarose gel electrophoresis.

Amplification of 200 bp Bacterial Plasmid DNA Target with Mutant Taq Polymerases

PCR mixtures comprising 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 50 mM KCl, 0.08% (v/v) Nonidet P40, dNTPs (200 μM each), 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.5 μM each of primer 3 and 4 (Table 3), 6 ng plasmid1 DNA (FIG. 9), 0.5 u of polymerase and various amounts of SYBR Green I dye (at the final concentration of 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5 or 5×) in a total volume of 20 μL were subjected to the following thermocycling conditions: 3 min at 94° C. followed by 30 cycles of 30 s 94° C., 30 s 50° C., 15 s 72° C. PCR products were analyzed in 1-2% agarose gel electrophoresis.

Amplification of 500 bp Human Genomic DNA Target with Mutant Taq Polymerases

PCR mixtures (20 μL) containing: 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 50 mM KCl, 0.08% (v/v) Nonidet P40, dNTPs (200 μM each), 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.5 μM each of primer 5 and 6 (Table 3), 40 ng of human genomic DNA, 0.5 u of polymerase and various amounts of SYBR Green I dye (at the final concentration of 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5 or 5×) were subjected to the following thermocycling conditions: 3 min at 95° C. followed by 35 cycles of 30 s 95° C., 30 s 60° C., 30 s 72° C. PCR products were analyzed in 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.

Increased Affinity of Mutant Taq DNA Polymerases for Primer-Template DNA Preparation of Radioactively Labeled Probe for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

Radioactively labeled probe for electrophoretic mobility shift assay was prepared as follows. A single-stranded 24-mer oligonucleotide 1 was radioactively labeled at 5′-termini with polynucleotide kinase (PNK). Briefly, reaction mixture containing 1×PNK buffer A (50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 10 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM DTT, 0.1 mM spermidine), 1 μM oligonucletide 1, 1 μM [γ-³³P]-ATP (Hartmann Analytic) and 0.5 u/μl PNK was incubated at 37° C. for 30 min, then PNK was inactivated by heating the sample at 70° C. for 10 min. A dsDNA probe for electrophoretic mobility shift assays was prepared by annealing radioactively labeled oligonucleotide 1 to a single-stranded 44-mer oligonucleotide 2 as follows. A mixture consisting of 75 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 20 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.01% (v/v) Tween 20, 2 mM MgCl₂, 20 nM of unpurified radioactively labeled oligonucleotide 1 and 25 nM of oligonucleotide 2 was incubated at 94° C. for 4 min, then the sample was transferred to the glass with pre-boiled water and left to cool slowly overnight.

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

Serial dilutions of mutant Taq polymerase were prepared in polymerase storage buffer: 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM EDTA, 100 mM KCl, 0.5% (v/v) Nonidet P40, 0.5% (v/v) Tween 20 and 50% (v/v) glycerol. Mutant Taq polymerase at various concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 nM) was incubated with 0.1 nM radioactively labeled dsDNA probe (see above) in 1×TAE buffer (40 mM Tris, 20 mM acetic acid, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.4) with 10% (vol/vol) glycerol and without or with Sybr Green I dye (0.2× final concentration) at +4° C. for 30 min. 5 μl of samples were run on a native 12% polyacrylamide gel to separate the protein-DNA complex from the free DNA. Gels were dried and exposed to storage phosphor screens (FujiFilm). Screens were scanned with phosphorimager scanner (Typhoon) at resolution 100. The concentration of polymerase-DNA complex was determined from scanned gels using TotalLab100; the dissociation constant of polymerase-DNA complex Ka (nM) was calculated with GraphPad using the following equation:

[ES]=([E] ₀ +[S] ₀ +K _(d)−sqrt(sqr([E] ₀ +[S] ₀ +Ka)−4[S] ₀ [E] ₀))/2,

where [ES] is the concentration of formed polymerase-DNA complex (nM), [E]₀ is the initial concentration of polymerase (nM), [S]₀—the initial concentration of DNA substrate (0.1 nM).

EXAMPLE 2 Mutant Taq DNA Polymerase Library Screening for Increased Amplification Speed

PCR and qPCR applications are widely used in almost all molecular biology, biochemistry and clinical diagnostic laboratories over the world. Faster PCR applications are highly desirable due to the fact that they decrease time spent for DNA amplification, required machine working time and increase the efficiency of analytical procedure. Fast PCR machines are already available on the market and now the limiting step is the enzyme suitable for fast applications. Taq DNA polymerase, which is widely used in PCR and qPCR, was subjected to in vitro evolution aiming to increase its amplification speed and decrease time required for elongation step during PCR. Two different libraries of Taq DNA polymerase were used for high-throughput screening in this example.

1^(st) Screening

The same mutant Taq DNA polymerase library (LO) as in Example 1 was used for selection of improved Taq DNA polymerase variants. Several rounds of high-throughput screening were performed testing expressed polymerase ability to perform PCR using shorter and shorter amplification and annealing times with every screening round. Subsequently 43 random clones of individual mutants were sequenced and analized (FIG. 10). Two clones (L8-10, L8-42) had stop codons and were excluded from further analyzis. The number of amino acid changes in selected mutants varies from 2 to 12. On average there are 5.4 amino acids changes per gene. The frequency of all identified mutations was calculated and is given in FIG. 11. The most often mutated positions in this selection were glutamate 230 (E230K—33 mutants), leucine 30 (L30P—21 mutants; L30R—10; L30Q—1), aspartate 452 (D452N—18 mutants), glycine 504 (G504S—15 mutants), leucine 311 (L311F—4 mutants; L311R—1), glutamate 507 (E507A—3 mutants; E507G—2), glutamate 189 (E189K—4 mutants). There are 2 identical selected clones (L8-9, L8-39), which specifically contain only 4 most frequent mutations (L30P, E230K, D452N, G504S).

2^(nd) Screening

An additional screening of Taq DNA polymerase for mutant variants able to perform PCR at shorter amplification and annealing times was performed using library (L3) with increased mutational load. The L3 library was also generated by error-prone PCR using a modified protocol described by Zaccolo et al. (Zaccolo et al., 1996). Quality of the library was checked by sequencing of 9 randomly picked clones. Two clones had deletions, which resulted in frameshift of coding sequence. Other 7 clones had from 2 to 9 nucleotide substitutions per gene. The ratio of transitions to transversions was 6:1. As a result mutant polymerases had from 1 to 5 amino acids changes or on the average 3 mutations per gene. Several rounds of high-throughput screening were performed testing expressed polymerase ability to perform PCR using shorter and shorter amplification and annealing times with every screening round. Subsequently 42 random clones of individual mutants after the screening were sequenced. Two clones had deletions/insertions, three clones had truncated N terminus and were omitted from analyzis (FIG. 12). The number of amino acid changes in selected mutants varies from 2 to 10. On average there are 5.4 amino acids changes per gene. The frequency of all found mutations was calculated and is given in FIG. 13. The most often mutated positions in this selection were phenylalanine 73 (F73V—3 mutants; F73S—1; F73L—1), aspartate 144 (D144G—4 mutants; D144N—1), lysine 206 (K206R—5 mutants), leucine 30 (L30P—3 mutants), histidine 75 (H75R—3 mutants), glutamate 90 (E90G—3 mutants), lysine 143 (K143E—2 mutants; K143R—1), leucine 351 (L351F—3 mutants), glutamate 397 (E397K—2 mutants; E397G—1), alanine 439 (A439T—3 mutants).

Mutant Analysis

The general assumption is that most frequently mutated amino acids found during the screening are the most important and have the biggest impact on Taq DNA polymerase properties. Site specific mutagenesis was used to construct novel polymerase mutants, by introducing mutation most oftenly found in our selective enrichment procedure and which were not described elsewhere in the literature. In order to elucidate individual properties of different mutations single mutants of Taq polymerase were constructed (with addition of N-terminal (His)₆GlyAla tag for purification), expressed, partially purified and analyzed. The wt and mutant Taq DNA polymerases were purified using two step procedure: initial denaturation of E. coli proteins for 15 minutes at 75° C. and subsequent Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. As a result Taq DNA polymerase variants were typically purified to ˜80% homogeneity according to SDS-PAGE densitometry analysis. The activities of purified polymerases were evaluated using standard polymerase unit definition assay and, if necessary (for example in PCR applications), equal amounts of polymerase units were used for analysis. The ability of wt and individual mutants of Taq polymerase to perform PCR using shorter amplification and annealing times was tested using few different target/primer/buffer systems. Four PCR were performed either on phage lambda DNA (1825 bp fragment) or on human genomic DNA (˜2.5 kbp fragment) using PCR buffer based either on KCl or on (NH₄)₂SO₄ (see methods and materials). Amplification was performed using three different in length (Normal, Fast, Very fast) cycling conditions. In all cases wt Taq DNA polymerase with His tag purified in similar way was used as a control. Agarose gel electrophoresis pictures of typical experiment are shown in FIGS. 14 and 15. Phage lambda DNA amplification (1825 bp fragment) was performed using ˜30 s/kb (normal), ˜10 s/kb (fast) and 2.5 s/kb (very fast) extension rates. Recommended extension rate for Taq DNA polymerase is 30-60 s/kb. In this test PCR wt Taq DNA polymerase used as a control was able to amplify 1825 bp DNA fragment only under normal (˜30 s/kb) cycling conditions (FIG. 14). Mutant enzymes (point mutants) identified in our screening were able to amplify target under fast ˜10 s/kb (L30R; E230K; D452N; G504S; E507K; E189K) and even very fast ˜2.5 s/kb (L30R; E230K; E507K; E189K) cycling conditions (FIG. 14). The PCR of 1825 bp amplicon from phage lambda DNA performed with commercial Taq polymerase, wt His-Taq polymerase and single amino acid mutant polymerases: 1—ZipRuler™ Express DNA Ladder 1 (Fermentas, #SM1373); 2—Taq DNA Pol (Fermentas, #EP0404); 3—His-Taq wt; 4—His-Taq L30P; 5—His-Taq L30R; 6—His-Taq E230K; 7—His-Taq D452N; 8—His-Taq G504S; 9—His-Taq E507K; 10—His-Taq E189K. Three different in cycling length programs (Normal, Fast, Very fast) were used.

A—PCR was performed in (NH₄)₂SO₄ based buffer. B—PCR was performed in KCl based buffer.

Human genomic DNA amplification (˜2.5 kbp fragment) was performed using ˜50 s/kb (normal), ˜25 s/kb (fast) and 12 s/kb (very fast) extension rates. In this test PCR wt Taq DNA polymerase used as a control has synthesized only minor amount of 2.5 kbp DNA fragment even under normal (˜50 s/kb) cycling conditions (FIG. 15). The PCR of 2.5 kbp amplicon from human genomic DNA performed with commercial Taq polymerase, wt His-Taq polymerase and single amino acid mutant polymerases: 1—ZipRuler™ Express DNA Ladder 1 (Fermentas, #SM1373); 2—Taq DNA Pol (Fermentas, #EP0404); 3—His-Taq wt; 4—His-Taq E189K; 5—His-Taq E230K; 6—His-Taq E507K. Three different in cycling length programs (Normal, Fast, Very fast) were used.

A—PCR was performed in (NH₄)₂SO₄ based buffer. B—PCR was performed in KCl based buffer.

Meanwhile mutant enzymes (point mutants) identified in our screening were able to amplify target under fast ˜25 s/kb and even very fast ˜12 s/kb (E189K; E230K; E507K) cycling conditions in (NH₄)₂SO₄ based buffer (FIG. 15A). Using KCl based buffer some mutant enzymes (point mutants) were able to amplify target under fast ˜25 s/kb (E230K; E507K) and even very fast ˜12 s/kb (E230K; E507K) cycling conditions (FIG. 15B). Many more point mutants of Taq DNA polymerase identified during our screenings were tested in the same type PCR assay under normal, fast and very fast cycling conditions. Summarized data on all PCR are given in Table 4. The Taq mutant considered to be fast if it was able to amplify both targets from phage lambda and human genomic DNA under fast cycling conditions at least in one buffer system (with (NH₄)₂SO₄ or with KCl): E76G; E76A; D551N; I553V; D732G; F73V; H75R; K206R; A439T; F749V; D452N; G504S (Table 4). The Taq mutant considered to be very fast if it was able to amplify both targets from phage lambda and human genomic DNA under very fast cycling conditions at least in one buffer system (with (NH₄)₂SO₄ or with KCl): E90K; E189K; E230K; E507K; H676R; H28R; E76K; E734K; L30R (Table 4).

Two high-throughput screenings using Taq mutants libraries LO or L3 were performed in this example. The frequencies of all found mutations are calculated and given in FIGS. 11 and 13. As in Example 1 most of mutants either possess eliminated negative charge (D452N, E507G, E507A, D144G, D144N, E90G, E397G), added positive charge (L30R, L311R, H75R) or changed negative charge to positive one (E230K, E189K, E397K). Consequently mutant polymerases became more positively charged and could have increased affinity to negatively charged substrate (DNA). In order to test the polymerase affinity to DNA we have measured dissociation constant (Kd) value of protein-DNA interaction using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Calculated Kd values for wt Taq DNA polymerase and different mutant variants are summarized in the Table 5. The Kd of wt Taq DNA polymerase and DNA oligoduplex complex was obtained to be in the range of 1.71-3.97 nM (Table 2). In addition to already previously identified mutants with increased affinity Kd<1 nM (E230K, E189K) we have found, that mutants A348V, H75R and L351F have Kd<1 nM (Table 1) and should be attributed to the group of high affinity Taq mutants described in Example 1 (Table 2).

Mutants of Taq DNA polymerase able to perform PCR under fast or very fast conditions could be used in fast PCR and qPCR applications, saving instrument and researcher time, increasing laboratory throughput volume.

Methods and Materials Polymerase Purification

The same as in Example 1.

Polymerase Unit Definition Assay

The same as in Example 1.

Mutagenic PCR

The same as in Example 1.

Mutant Taq DNA Polymerases Synthesize DNA Faster in End-Point PCR than Wild-Type Taq Amplification of 1825 bp Phage Lambda DNA Target with Mutant Taq DNA Polymerases

PCR mixtures comprising 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 50 mM KCl, 0.08% (v/v) Nonidet P40, 1.5 mM MgCl₂ (buffer with KCl) or 75 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 20 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.01% (v/v) Tween 20, 2 mM MgCl₂ (buffer with (NH₄)₂SO₄) and dNTPs (200 μM each), 0.5 μM each of primer 7 and 8 (Table 3), 0.25 ng phage lambda DNA, 0.5 u of polymerase in a total volume of 25 μL were subjected to the following three thermocycling conditions:

-   -   1) 5 min at 95° C. followed by 20 cycles of 30 s 95° C., 30 s         60° C., 60 s 72° C.;     -   2) 5 min at 95° C. followed by 20 cycles of 30 s 95° C., 10 s         60° C., 20 s 72° C.;     -   3) 5 min at 95° C. followed by 20 cycles of 30 s 95° C., 5 s 60°         C., 5 s 72° C.

PCR was performed on Eppendorf Mastercycler, using “BLOCK CONTROL” option, ramping slope 3°/s. PCR products were analyzed in 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.

Amplification of 2.5 kb Human Genomic DNA Target with Mutant Taq Polymerases

PCR mixtures (25 μL) comprising 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 50 mM KCl, 0.08% (v/v) Nonidet P40, 1.5 mM MgCl₂ (buffer with KCl) or 75 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 20 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.01% (v/v) Tween 20, 2 mM MgCl₂ (buffer with (NH₄)₂SO₄) and dNTPs (200 μM each), 0.5 μM each of primer 9 and 10 (Table 3), 125 ng human genomic DNA (blood purified, using “Genomic DNA purification Kit” (K0512—Fermentas)), 0.5 u of polymerase were subjected to the following thermocycling conditions:

-   -   1) 5 min at 95° C. followed by 30 cycles of 30 s 95° C., 30 s         65° C., 2 min 72° C.     -   2) 5 min at 95° C. followed by 30 cycles of 30 s 95° C., 20 s         65° C., 1 min 72° C.     -   3) 5 min at 95° C. followed by 30 cycles of 30 s 95° C., 10 s         60° C., 30 s 72° C.

PCR was performed on Eppendorf Mastercycler, using “BLOCK CONTROL” option, ramping slope 3°/s. PCR products were analyzed in 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.

Increased Affinity of Mutant Taq DNA Polymerases for Primer-Template DNA

The same as in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 3 Mutants of Taq DNA Polymerase Resistant to Different PCR Inhibitors

Mutant polymerases with increased resistances could be used in PCR and qPCR applications without target DNA purification step (directly after the lysis or after partial/simplified purification step). Consequently we have tested most interesting Taq DNA polymerase mutants identified in example 1 and example 2 in PCR performed with various inhibitors known to be incompatible with wt Taq DNA polymerase. PCR was performed on phage lambda DNA using Taq DNA polymerase (recombinant, Fermentas, #EP0404) and wt His-Taq as the controls. The set of Taq DNA polymerase single amino acid mutants (E189K; E230K; E507K; H28R; E90K; E76K; H676R; L30R; D452N; E734K; D732G; D551N; I553V; G504S; H75R; E76G; E76A; A348V; A439T; E734G) was tested for increased resistance to different PCR inhibitors (blood; SDS, GuHCl, heparin).

Typical picture of PCR inhibition with blood is given in FIG. 16. The PCR of 1.825 kbp amplicon from phage lambda DNA was performed in the presence of 0-8% of blood either with commercial Taq polymerase (Fermentas, #EP0404), or wt His-Taq polymerase, or single amino acid mutant polymerases (E189K; E230K; E507K, H28R). M-GeneRuler™ Express DNA Ladder, ready-to-use, 100-5000 bp (Fermentas, #SM1553). Under chosen PCR conditions neither commercial Taq, nor wt his-Taq were able to synthesize 1.8 kbp DNA fragment even in the presence of 0.5% of blood. Meanwhile mutant polymerases (E189K, E230K, E507K, H28R) were able to perform PCR in the presence of 4-8% of blood.

Typical picture of PCR inhibition with SDS is given in FIG. 17. The PCR of 1.825 kbp amplicon from phage lambda DNA was performed in the presence of 0.000-0.015% of SDS either with commercial Taq polymerase (Fermentas, #EP0404), or wt His-Taq polymerase, or single amino acid mutant polymerases (E189K; E230K; E507K, H28R). M-GeneRuler™ Express DNA Ladder, ready-to-use, 100-5000 bp (Fermentas, #SM1553). Under chosen PCR conditions commercial Taq and wt his-Taq synthesized specific DNA fragment in the presence of 0.0025% and 0.001% of SDS respectively. Meanwhile mutant polymerases (E189K, E230K, E507K) were able to perform PCR in the presence of 0.005-0.0075% of SDS.

Typical picture of PCR inhibition with GuHCl is given in FIG. 18. The PCR of 1.825 kbp amplicon from phage lambda DNA was performed in the presence of 0-100 mM of GuHCl either with commercial Taq polymerase (Fermentas, #EP0404), or wt His-Taq polymerase, or single amino acid mutant polymerases (E189K; E230K; E507K, H28R). M-GeneRuler™ Express DNA Ladder, ready-to-use, 100-5000 bp (Fermentas, #SM1553). Under chosen PCR conditions commercial Taq synthesized specific DNA fragment in the presence of 20 mM of GuHCl. Another control enzyme wt his-Taq (should be used for direct comparison with Taq polymerase mutants) was not able to synthesize 1.8 kbp DNA fragment even in the presence of 10 mM of GuHCl. Meanwhile mutant polymerases (E189K, E230K, E507K, H28R) were able to perform PCR in the presence of 40-70 mM of GuHCl.

Typical picture of PCR inhibition with heparin is given in FIG. 19. The PCR of 1.825 kbp amplicon from phage lambda DNA was performed in the presence of 0-0.039 UPS heparin (per 25 μl of PCR reaction) either with commercial Taq polymerase (Fermentas, #EP0404), or wt His-Taq polymerase, or single amino acid mutant polymerases (E189K; E230K; E507K, D452N; D551N; G504S). M-GeneRuler™ Express DNA Ladder, ready-to-use, 100-5000 bp (Fermentas, #SM1553).

1—no heparin; 2-0.001 UPS heparin (per 25 μl of PCR reaction); 3-0.0025 UPS heparin (per 25 μl of PCR reaction); 4-0.00625 UPS heparin (per 25 μl of PCR reaction); 5-0.015625 UPS heparin (per 25 μl of PCR reaction); 6-0.039 UPS heparin (per 25 μl of PCR reaction). Under chosen PCR conditions commercial Taq and wt his-Taq synthesized specific DNA fragment in the presence of 0.0025 UPS and 0.001 UPS heparin (per 25 μl of PCR reaction) respectively. Meanwhile mutant polymerases (D452N, D551N, G504S) were able to perform PCR in the presence of 0.0062 UPS heparin (per 25 μl of PCR reaction).

Summarized data on all PCR inhibition experiments are given in Table 6. Tested Taq DNA polymerase mutants have different resistances to various PCR inhibitors. Some mutants are more resistant to blood (E189K, E230K, E507K, H28R), some mutants are more resistant to SDS (E189K, E230K, E507K, E90K, E76K, H676R, L30R, D452N, E734K, D732G, D551N, I553V, G504S, H75R, E76G, E76A, A439T, E734G), some mutants are more resistant to GuHCL (E189K, E230K, E507K, H28R, E90K, E76K, H676R, L30R) and some mutants are more resistant to heparin (D452N, D551N, G504S) (Table 6). Most interesting are Taq mutants with the highest resistances to tested PCR inhibitors (except heparin) and increased amplification speed: E189K, E230K and E507K (Table 6 and Table 4).

Mutants of Taq DNA polymerase able to perform PCR in the presence of different inhibitors are very important and can be used for amplification of partially purified or unpurified DNA samples. Skipped or simplified nucleic acids purification step makes diagnostic procedure faster, cheaper and more convenient for user. Different “direct PCR” kits from plants, tissues, blood, etc could be prepared and commercialized on the basis of newly discovered mutations and their combinations.

Methods and Materials The Measurements of Wt Taq DNA Polymerase and Mutant Enzymes Resistance to Different PCR Inhibitors

Amplification of 1825 bp Phage Lambda DNA Target with Mutant Taq DNA Polymerases

PCR mixtures comprising 50 mM Tricine (pH 8.8), 20 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.01% (v/v) Tween 20, 2.5 mM MgCl₂, dNTPs (200 μM each), 0.5 μM each of primer 7 and 8 (Table 3), 0.25 ng phage lambda DNA, INHIBITOR X and 1 u of polymerase in a total volume of 25 μL were subjected to the following thermocycling conditions: 5 min at 95° C. followed by 30 cycles of 20 s 95° C., 25 s 60° C., 80 s 72° C. PCR was performed on Eppendorf Mastercycler epgradient S, PCR products were analyzed in 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.

Inhibitor X:

Fresh blood stabilized with sodium citrate—0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 8% (v/v); SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate, Amresco 0227-1 kg)—0%, 0.001%, 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.0075%, 0.015% (w/v);

GuHCl (Guanidine Hydrochloride, Roth 0037.1)—0 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM, 40 mM, 70 mM, 100 mM;

Heparin (Sigma, H3125)—0, 0.001, 0.0025, 0.00625, 0.015625, 0.039 UPS heparin (per 25 ml of PCR reaction).

TABLE 1 The threshold concentrations of SYBR Green I dye (at which full length DNA fragment is still synthesized) determined for wt and different mutants of Taq DNA polymerase. SYBR Green I stock concentration is 10′000X and amplification was performed using 0.2-5X concentration of dye. Amplification Amplification of of 500 bp 200 bp fragment fragment from human Mutant name from plasmid DNA genomic DNA wt His-Taq 0.5 0.2-0.5 H28R 1 1 G38R 1 1 E76G 1 n.d. E90K 1.5 1.5 E189K 1.5 2.5 E230K 2.5 2 E315K 1.5 1.5 E507A 2 1.5 E507K 2 3 L552R 2 1.5 D578N 1 1.5 H676R 1 1.5 Q680R 1 1 D732G 1 1 H28R + E507K 2.5 n.d. H28R + Q680R 1.5 1.5 E507K + Q680R 2.5 n.d. L552R + Q680R 3.5 n.d. E230K + E507K 4.5 3 E189K + E507K 5 4 E315K + E507K 4 4 E230K + E315K 3 2.5 E507K + L552R n.d. 3 E189K + E230K + E507K 5 3.5 n.d.—not determined

TABLE 2 The dissociation constants (Kd) of wt and mutant Taq DNA polymerases and oligoduplex substrate determined without and with (0.2X) SYBR Green I dye. EMSA measurements were performed at fixed 0.1 nM concentration of oligoduplex and 0.25-100 nM concentration gradient of polymerase. Mutant name Kd, nM Kd (+0.2X SYBR Green I), nM wt His-Taq  1.71-3.97* 6.17-9.39 H28R 0.83-1.59 2.61-8.39 G38R 2.47 7.24 E90K 1.53 7.86 E189K 0.40 2.69 E230K 0.37 4.76 E315K 0.50 2.50 E507A 1.14 7.29 E507K 0.18-0.19 3.91-4.22 L552R 0.53 1.88-7.49 D578N 0.70 2.66 H676R 4.87 10.94  Q680R 3.18 9.61 D732G 1.82 8.10 H28R + E507K 0.25 4.71 H28R + Q680R 0.95 2.17 E507K + Q680R 0.71 3.25 L552R + Q680R 0.29 2.63 E230K + E507K 0.18 2.73-7.95 E189K + E507K 0.29 6.61 E315K + E507K 0.30 3.66 E230K + E315K 0.37 2.60 E507K + L552R 0.25 2.13 E189K + E230K + 0.14 0.43 E507K *the range of Kd values is given if more than one experiment was performed

TABLE 3 The oligonucleotide sequences used in Examples. Oligo- Desig- nucleotide nation Sequence (5′ to 3′) Primer 1 agseql GCGTTATCTCATAGACAAG GGC Primer 2 agseq2 GTAAGTTATTATCACATCC GGGTC Primer 3 Pra1 AATGGCTAGCTGGAGCCAC Primer 4 Seq prom TATCTCCTCAATAGCGGAG TCATC Primer 5 Forward CAAGGTCATCCATGACAAC GAPDH TTTG Primer 6 Reverse GTCCACCACCCTGTTGCTG GAPDH TAG Oligo- LA422 TTTTAGCCGCTAGAGTCGA nucleotide 1 CCTGC Oligo- LA424 GGAGACAAGCTTGTATGCC nucleotide 2 TGCAGGTCGACTCTAGCGG CTAAAA Primer 7 L-16 ATCCTGAACCCATTGACCT CCAAC Primer 8 L-19 ACTGAATCCCCGATCATCT ATCGC Primer 9 CAGCTCAGTGGTTTTCATT GGTTG Primer 10 CTGTGAGGCAGAGACAGCA GAGAC

TABLE 4 The summarized data on different PCR experiments performed under normal (1), fast (2) and very fast (3) cycling conditions. PCR was performed on two different targets: phage lambda and human genomic DNA in two different buffers based either on (NH₄)₂SO₄ or on KCl. amplification of 1825 bp amplification of 2.5 kbp DNA fragment from DNA fragment from phage lambda DNA human genomic DNA with with (NH₄)₂SO₄ with KCl (NH₄)₂SO₄ with KCl Polymerase 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Taq DNA pol. ++ ++ + + Fermentas #EP0404 wt His-Taq ++ ++ + + Y24H ++ ++ ++ ++ T26P ++ +++ + + F27S + +++ + + G38R +++ + +++ ++ ++ + E76G +++ ++ +++ + ++ + ++ + E90K +++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + nsp E189K +++ ++ + + + ++ ++ + + E230K +++ ++ + +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ + + + E507K +++ ++ + +++ ++ + +++ ++ ++ + + + D551N +++ ++ +++ +++ + +++ ++ +++ ++ I553V ++ + +++ + + ++ +++ ++ H676R +++ ++ +++ +++ ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ + D732G +++ ++ +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ H28P ++ +++ + + + H28R +++ +++ + +++ ++ + +++ ++ + +++ ++ F73V ++ ++ + + + + H75R +++ ++ +++ ++ + +++ +++ E76A +++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + E76K +++ +++ + +++ ++ + +++ +++ ++ nsp + K143E + ++ K206R ++ + ++ + ++ + + R275G ++ +++ F278L ++ + + + D344N ++ ++ ++ + L351F ++ + +++ ++ E397K + ++ + N415D ++ ++ + + A439T +++ + +++ ++ ++ ++ + E734G +++ + +++ +++ ++ + E734K +++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + nsp F749L + F749V ++ ++ + ++ + + L30P ++ ++ + L30R +++ ++ + +++ ++ + +++ ++ + ++ ++ D452N +++ + +++ ++ + +++ +++ ++ ++ G504S +++ + + +++ ++ + ++ ++ +++ F285S ++ L311F ++ + + A348V ++ +++ ++ nsp—non-specific amplification + - minor amount of target PCR fragment ++ - normal amount of target PCR fragment +++ - abundant amount of target PCR fragment

TABLE 5 The values of dissociation constant (Kd) determined for oligoduplex substrate and mutant Taq DNA polymerases in Example 2. EMSA measurements were performed at fixed 0.1 nM concentration of oligoduplex and 0.25-100 nM concentration gradient of polymerase. The WT-Taq polymerase Kd is 1.71-3.97 nM. Mutant name Mutant name Kd, (2^(nd) (1^(st) screening) Frequency nM screening) Frequency Kd, nM E230K 33 0.37* F73V 5 4.56-4.92  L30P 32 3.08 K206R 5 2.42-12.72 L30R 2.43 D452N 18 1.14 L30P 3 3.08 G504S 15 6.03 H75R 3 0.57 L311F 5 3.20 E90K 3 1.53* E507A 5 1.14* K143E 3 4.09 E189K 4 0.40* L351F 3 0.85 F285S 3 2.63 E397K 3 2.64 A348V 3 0.62 A439T 3 3.06 *the Kd values of wt-Taq, E230K, E507A, E189K, E90K are taken from Example 1 (Table 2).

TABLE 6 The summarized data on different PCR inhibition experiments performed with blood, SDS, GuHCL and heparin. The threshold concentrations of inhibitor under which specific 1.825 kbp DNA fragment is still synthesized are indicated. Blood, GuHCl, heparin, UPS per Enzyme % (v/v) SDS, % (w/v) mM 25 μl of PCR Taq DNA pol. 0 0.0025 20 0.0025 Fermentas #EP0404 wt His-Taq 0 0.0025 0 0.001 E189K 8 0.0075 70 0.0025 E230K 4 0.005 70 0.0025 E507K 8 0.0075 70 0.0025 H28R 4 0.0025 40 0.0025 E90K 2 0.005 40 0.0025 E76K 2 0.005 40 0.0025 H676R 2 0.005 40 0.0025 L30R 2 0.005 40 0.0025 D452N 1 0.0075 20 0.00625 E734K 1 0.005 20 0.0025 D732G 1 0.005 20 0.0025 D551N 1 0.005 20 0.00625 I553V 1 0.0075 20 0.0025 G504S 1 0.005 20 0.00625 H75R 0.5 0.005 20 0.0025 E76G 0 0.005 20 0.0025 E76A 0 0.005 20 0.0025 A348V 0 0.0025 0 0.001 A439T 0 0.005 20 0.0025 E734G 0 0.005 20 0

TABLE 7 Summary of Taq DNA polymerase mutants Resistance Increased Increased to SYBR Resistance Resistance Resistance Resistance Mutation speed affinity Green to blood to SDS to GuHCl to heparin H28R + + + + L30R + + + + G38R + F73V + H75R + + + E76A + + E76G + + + E76K + + + + E90K + + + + + E189K + + + + + + K206R + E230K + + + + + + E315K + + A348V + L351F + A439T + + D452N + + + + G504S + + + + E507A + E507K + + + + + + D551N + + + + L552R + + I553V + + + D578N + + H676R + + + + + Q680R + D732G + + + + E734G + E734K + + + F749V + H28R + E507K + + H28R + Q680R + + E507K + Q680R + + L552R + Q680R + + E230K + E507K + + E189K + E507K + + E315K + E507K + + E230K + E315K + + E507K + L552R + + E189K + E230K + + + E507K

Summarized information from Tables 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and FIG. 19.

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1. A DNA polymerase mutant comprising a Taq DNA polymerase amino acid sequence with a mutation at position E230 and/or position E507 and optionally one or more of the following mutations: E189K, H28R, L30R, G38R, F73V, H75R, E76A, E76G, E76K, E90K, K206R, E315K, A348V, L351F, A439T, D452N, G504S, E507A, D551N, L552R, I553V, D578N, H676R, Q680R, D732G, E734G, E734K, F749V; wherein the polymerase mutant exhibits relative to wild-type DNA polymerase increased polymerase speed, increased affinity to DNA substrate and/or increased resistance to a DNA polymerase inhibitor.
 2. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence has a mutation at no more than three amino acid positions.
 3. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 2, wherein the amino acid sequence has a mutation at only one amino acid position.
 4. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 2, wherein the amino acid sequence has a mutation at only two amino acid positions.
 5. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 1, which exhibits increased polymerase speed relative to wild-type DNA polymerase.
 6. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 5, wherein the Taq DNA polymerase amino acid sequence comprises one or more of the following mutations: E189K, E230K, E507K, H28R, L30R, F73V, H75R, E76A, E76G, E76K, E90K, K206R, A439T, D452N, G504S, D551N, I553V, H676R, D732G, E734G, F749V.
 7. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 5, which exhibits an increased polymerase speed which is at least 1.5 times faster than wild-type DNA polymerase, preferably at least 3 times and more preferably at least 12 times faster.
 8. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 1, which exhibits increased affinity to DNA substrate relative to wild-type DNA polymerase.
 9. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 8, wherein the Taq DNA polymerase amino acid sequence comprises one or more of the following mutations: E189K, E230K, E507K, H75R, E315K, A348V, L351F, L552R, D578N.
 10. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 1, which exhibits increased resistance to a DNA polymerase inhibitor selected from SYBR Green I dye, blood, SDS, guanidinium salts and heparin.
 11. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 10, wherein the Taq DNA polymerase amino acid sequence comprises one or more of the following mutations: E189K, E230K, E507K, H28R, L30R, G38R, H75R, E76A, E76G, E76K, E90K, E315K, A439T, D452N, G504S, E507A, D551N, L552R, I553V, D578N, H676R, Q680R, D732G, E734G, E734K.
 12. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence has a mutation at only two amino acid positions; the DNA polymerase mutant exhibits increased affinity to DNA substrate relative to wild-type DNA polymerase; and/or the DNA polymerase mutant exhibits increased resistance to a DNA polymerase inhibitor selected from SYBR Green I dye, blood, SDS, guanidinium salts and heparin; and wherein the Taq DNA polymerase amino acid sequence comprises one or more of the following mutations: H28R+E507K, H28R+Q680R, E507K+Q680R, L552R+Q680R, E230K+E507K, E189K+E507K, E315K+E507K, E230K+E315K, E507K+L552R.
 13. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 8, wherein the Kd for a DNA oligoduplex substrate is no more than 1 nM, as measured by electrophoretic shift mobility assay following incubation in 40 mM Tris, 20 mM acetic acid, 1 mM EDTA at pH8.4, in the presence of 10% v/v glycerol at 4° C. for 30 mins.
 14. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 10, wherein the Kd for a DNA oligoduplex substrate in the presence of 0.4 μM SYBR Green I dye is no more than 10 nM, as measured by electrophoretic shift mobility assay following incubation in 40 mM Tris, 20 mM acetic acid, 1 mM EDTA at pH8.4, in the presence of 10% v/v glycerol at 4° C. for 30 mins.
 15. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 1, wherein the Taq DNA polymerase amino acid sequence comprises one or more of the following mutations: E189K, E230K and E507K.
 16. A kit for nucleic acid amplification, which comprises a DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 1 and one or more reagents for a DNA synthesis reaction.
 17. (canceled)
 18. A process for the production of a DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 1, which process comprises: (1) subjecting a polynucleotide encoding a DNA polymerase to error-prone PCR to generate a mutant library comprising an array of differently-mutated polynucleotides: (2) screening the mutant library for increased polymerase speed, increased polymerase affinity to DNA substrate or increase resistance to a DNA polymerase inhibitor; (3) selecting one or more mutant DNA polymerases from screening step 2; and (4) repeating steps 1 to 3 until a final DNA polymerase mutant is obtained.
 19. A DNA polymerase mutant obtainable by the process of claim
 18. 20. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 1, wherein the Taq DNA polymerase amino acid sequence comprises an E230K mutation.
 21. A DNA polymerase mutant according to claim 1, wherein the Taq DNA polymerase amino acid sequence comprises an E507K mutation. 